Solution: Sum of All Subset XOR Totals
Explore how to calculate the sum of XOR totals for every subset of an integer array using bitwise manipulation. Understand bitwise OR to identify critical bits and leverage left-shift operations to scale results without generating all subsets. This lesson helps you solve XOR subset problems efficiently with linear time complexity and constant space.
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Statement
Given an array of integers, nums, compute and return the sum of XOR totals for all its possible subsets.
A subset is any combination of elements from the original array,
nums. This includes the empty subset (containing no elements) and the subset that includes all array elements.The XOR total of a subset results from applying the XOR operation to all the elements in that subset.
Note: If the
numsarray has duplicate elements, then ...